| 
													
													U01 | U02 | U03 | U04 | U05 | U06 | U07 | U08 | U09 | U10 | U11 | U12 | U13 | U14 | REVIEW
													 UNIT 1 • CURSE OF HAM 
													
														- secondary sources
 
														- 
															
																- P. Garnsey. 1996. Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine.
 
																	1. Slavery & Slave Theory in Antiquity 
															 
														 
														- ancient texts
 
														- 
															
																- 
																	Gen 9-11
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Moses / J E P D sources / redaction under Josiah / editing post-exile 
																		when: ca.1200 / 1000 / 610 / 530 BCE 
																		where: Jerusalem 
																		summary: internal attribution to Moses, but various traditional sources were interwoven by a scribe under Josiah and edited after the Babylonian exile 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Genesis, or Torah (“law”) or Pentateuch (first “five books”) 
																		where: the cosmos 
																		when: in the beginning; antediluvian 
																		summary: explanations about various customs and social affinities; etiology (origin story) of drunkeness and slavery; putative eponymous ancestors
																	 — walkthrough 01-1
																 
																- 
																	
																		- 9: 18-29 • Curse of Ham
 
																			etiology of viticulture and drunkeness 
																		- 10.1-32 • Generations of Noah (“Table of Nations”); toledoth (P)
 
																			division of peoples by kinship 
																		- [11.1-9 • Tower of Babel (J)]
 
																			[division of peoples by language] 
																	 
																 
															 
														 
														- lectures
 
														  
														- handouts
 
														- active reading
 
														- Table of Nations
 
													 
												 | 
											 
										 
										
											
												
													
													 
													U01 | U02 | U03 | U04 | U05 | U06 | U07 | U08 | U09 | U10 | U11 | U12 | U13 | U14 | REVIEW 
													UNIT 2 • NEIGHBORS & KIN 
													
														- secondary sources
 
														- 
															
																- K. Bradley & P. Cartledge. 2011. The Cambridge World History of Slavery, I: The Ancient Mediterranean World. Cambridge University Press
 
																	1. D. Snell "Slavery in the Near East"
  
																- L. Culbertson. 2011. Slaves and Households in the Near East. Oriental Institute. (7-14)
  
															 
														 
														- ancient texts
 
														- 
															
																- 
																	Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Deuteronomy
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Moses / J E P D sources / redaction under Josiah / editing post-exile 
																		when: ca.1200 / 1000 / 610 / 530 BCE 
																		where: Jerusalem 
																		summary: internal attribution to Moses, but various traditional sources were interwoven by a scribe under Josiah and edited after the Babylonian exile 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Genesis, or Torah (“law”) or Pentateuch (first “five books”) 
																		where: Israel & Judah 
																		when: 610-530 BCE 
																		summary: legal codes
																	 — walkthrough 02-1
																 
																- 
																	
																		- Gen 19: 30-38 • Lot & His Daughters
 
																			second ctrl+alt+del, limited to Sodom & Gomorrah 
																			drunkenness & nakedness (similar to Noah) 
																			Lot (Abraham's nephew) sleeps with daughters > Moabites, Ammonites 
																		- Gen 25:19-34; 27:5-40; 36:1-8 • Jacob & Esau
 
																			Isaac & Rebecca have twins 
																			elder (redhead Esau + red lentils = Edom) to serve younger (Jacob = Israel) 
																			trick with clothing (27:15); other peoples will serve you (27:29, 37, 40)
  
																		- Gen 37:12-36; 39:1-6 • Joseph
 
																			Ishmaelites (“Arabs,” from Abraham & Hagar) caravan to Egypt 
																			Midianites (from Abraham & Keturah) pull him out and sell him 
																			brothers cannot seize him, for he is “their own flesh” 
																			37:31-34 Jacob = Israel tricked with clothing 
																			[37:36 Midianites sell him to Potiphar in Egypt] 
																			39:1 Ishmaelites sell him to Potiphar 
																			  overseer, successful, prosperous, in charge 
																		- Ex 21:1-11 • legal code
 
																			summary 
																		- Deut 15:1-18 • legal code
 
																			summary 
																		- Lev 25:39-55 • legal code
 
																			summary 
																	 
																 
															 
														 
														- lectures
 
														  
														- handouts
 
														- active reading
 
													 
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													U01 | U02 | U03 | U04 | U05 | U06 | U07 | U08 | U09 | U10 | U11 | U12 | U13 | U14 | REVIEW 
													UNIT 3 • ANE SLAVERY 
													
														- secondary sources
 
														- 
															
																- K. Bradley & P. Cartledge. 2011. The Cambridge World History of Slavery, I: The Ancient Mediterranean World. Cambridge University Press
 
																	1. 
  
																- P. Garnsey. 1996. Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine.
 
																	2. Slavery Accepted
  
															 
														 
														- ancient texts
 
														- 
															
																- 
																	 Elephantine Papyri
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Aramaic scribes 
																		when: ca.400 BCE 
																		where: Elephantine (Egypt) 
																		summary: texts in Aramaic, written in a Persian era border-garrison by Yawhistic believers  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Elephantine Papyri 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  —
																	
																	walkthrough 03-1
																 
																- 
																	
																		- CoS 1.68
 
																		summary 
																		- CoS 1.74
 
																		summary 
																	 
																 
																- 
																	 Code of Hammurabi
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Akkadian scribe 
																		when: ca.1750 BCE 
																		where: Babylon 
																		summary: first extensive legal code 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Code of Hammurabi 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  —
																	
																	walkthrough 03-2
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	A1 Plat.Leg.777b-778a
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Platon of Athens (Plato) 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		where: Athens 
																		summary: student of Socrates; founder of the Academy 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Laws (Gk Nomoi, Lat De legibus) 
																		where:  
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		summary:
																	  (Plato Laws) 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	A2 Aristot.Pol.1253b1-18
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Aristotles of Stagira 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		where: Stagira (Chalcidice) > Athens 
																		summary: tutor to Alexander the Great; founder of the Lyceum in Athens; writing in the waning days of the city-state (polis) 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Politics (Gk Politika 
																		where: Panhellenic 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		summary:
																	  (Aristotle Politics)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	A3 Varr.Rust.1.17
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: M. Terrentius Varro 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Rustic Affairs (Lat Res rusticae) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Varro Rustic Matters)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	A4 Gai.Inst.1.8-9; 2.1, 12-14
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Gaius (praenomen only!) 
																		when: 150 CE 
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Institutes (Lat Institutiones) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Gaius Institutes)
																  
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	A5 Phil.Spec.Leg.2.123
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Philo Judaeus of Alexandria (Heb Yedidia ha-Kohen) 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: De speialibus legibus 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Philo On the Special Laws)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	A6 Eph 6:5-8 (Letter of Paul to the Ephesians)
																
 
																- 
																	A7 Aug.En.Ps.124.7 (St. Augustine Exposition on the Psalms)
																
 
																- 
																	A8 Dew, in Faust 1981: 61-62
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Thomas Roderick Dew 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Abolition of Negro Slavery 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (T. R. Dew Abolition of Negro Slavery)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	A9 Chrys.Ill.Catec.12.25 (John Chrysostom Baptismal Instructions)			
																
 
																
																- 
																	A10 GNaz.Test. = PG 37.389-96 (Gregory Nazianzus Testament)
																
 
															 
														 
														- lectures
 
														
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														- active reading
 
													 
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													U01 | U03 | U03 | U04 | U05 | U06 | U07 | U08 | U09 | U10 | U11 | U12 | U13 | U14 | REVIEW 
													UNIT 4 • NATURAL SLAVERY 
													
														- secondary sources
 
														- 
															
																- K. Bradley & P. Cartledge. 2011. The Cambridge World History of Slavery, I: The Ancient Mediterranean World. Cambridge University Press
 
																	1. 
  
																- P. Garnsey. 1996. Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine.
 
																	3. Justifications of Slavery 
															 
														 
														- ancient texts
 
														- 
															
																- 
																	Aristot.Pol. 
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Aristotles of Stagira 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		where: Stagira (Chalcidice) > Athens 
																		summary: tutor to Alexander the Great; founder of the Lyceum in Athens; writing in the waning days of the city-state (polis) 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Politics (Gk Politika 
																		where: Panhellenic 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		summary:
																	  (Aristotle Politics)
																	walkthrough 04-1
																 
																- 
																	
																		- 1.1-2 (the polis) 1252b27-1253a17
																		
 
																		- 1.3-7 (slaves) 1253b14-b22, 1254a17-1254b26
																		
 
																		- 1.12-13 (women and children)
																		
 
																	 
																 
																
																- 
																	B1 Aristot.Pol.
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Aristotles of Stagira 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		where: Stagira (Chalcidice) > Athens 
																		summary: tutor to Alexander the Great; founder of the Lyceum in Athens; writing in the waning days of the city-state (polis) 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Politics (Gk Politika 
																		where: Panhellenic 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		summary:
																	  (Aristotle Politics)
																	walkthrough 04-1
																 
																- 
																	
																		- a. 1254a30-2
 
																			  tl;dr ruler over ruled is natural
																		 - b. 1254a22-3
 
																			  tl;dr ruler over ruled is useful
																		 - c. 1254b25-27
 
																			  tl;dr slaves are useful, like domesticated animals
																		 - d. 1277a35-7
 
																			  masters recognize utility, slaves recognize how to do things
	 																	 - e. 1330a26-30
 
																			  tl;dr slaves cultivate
																		 - f. 1328a22-5
 
																			  tl;dr indispensable for the existence of, but not part of, whole
																		 - g. 1278a2-4
 
																			  tl;dr indispensable for the existence of, but not part of, whole
																		 - h. 1328b37-1329a3
 
																			  tl;dr mechanical and mercantile life leaves no time for leisure
																		 - i. 1328a36-8
 
																			  tl;dr the object of life in the polis is the best life
																	  
																 
																- 
																	B2 Cic.Rep. 
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: M. Tullius Cicero 
																		when: 1st BCE 
																		where: Arpinum > Rome 
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title:  On the Commonwealth (Lat De re publica) 
																		where: Roman Empire 
																		when: 1st BCE 
																		summary:
																	  (Cicero Republic) — walkthrough 04-2
																 
																- 
																	
																		- a. in Aug.Civ.19.21 (Augustine City of God)
 
																			  tl;dr rule over others is just, established for their benefit  
																			  as soul rules the body and reason rules lust
																		 - b. in Aug.c.Iul.4.12.61 (Augustine Against Julian)
 
																			  tl;dr soul rules body like king over subjects or father over children; 
																			  reason rules lust like a master over slaves
																		 - c. in Aug.Civ.14.23
 
																			  tl;dr soul rules body like king over subjects or father over children;  
																			  reason rules lust like a master over slaves
																		 - d. in Isid.Orig.18.1 (Isidore Origins) 
 
																			  tl;dr defensive & just war leads to dominion
																	  
																 
																- 
																	B3 Phil.Leg.al.3.88 (Philo Allegorical Law)
																
 
																
																- 
																	B4 Orig.Gn.Hom.16.1 (Origen Homily on Genesis) 
																
 
																
																- 
																	B5 Bas.Spir.Sanct.12.246-64 (Basil
																	On the Holy Spirit) 
																
 
																
																- 
																	B6 Ambr.Iac.vit.beat.2.3.11 (Ambrose On Jacob and the Happy Life) 
																
 
																- 
																	B7 
																	Aug.Civ.19.15
																	
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Augustine 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: De civirate Dei 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 (Augustine City of God) 
																- 
																	
																		- tl;dr sin (of Ham) led to slavery; righteous because God is righteous
																	
  
																 
																- 
																	B8 Florentius, in Dig.1.5.4.2 (Justinian Digest)
																
 
																- 
																	B9 Epict.4.1.33-37 
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Epictetus 
																		when: c.55-135 CE 
																		where: Hierapolis (Phrygia) > Rome > Nicopolis (Actium) 
																		summary: slave of Epaphroditus, imperial freedmen of Nero; later freed himself; Stoic philosopher; banished by Domitian, to Nicopolis (Actium) 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Discourses (Gk Diatribai), recorded by his student Arrian 
																		where: Nicopolis (Actium) 
																		when: ca.108 CE 
																		summary:
																	  (Epictetus Discourses)
																 
																- 
																	
																		- tl;dr slave is better off than freedman
																	
  
																 
																- 
																	B10 Lib.Or.25.66-67 (Libanius Orationes)
																
 
																- 
																	B11 Theod.Prov.7 (Theodoret On Divine Providence) 
																
 
															 
														 
														- lectures
 
														  
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														- active reading
 
													 
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													U01 | U03 | U03 | U04 | U05 | U06 | U07 | U08 | U09 | U10 | U11 | U12 | U13 | U14 | REVIEW 
													UNIT 5 • SLAVERY & POLITICAL THEORY 
													
														- secondary sources
 
														- 
															
																- K. Bradley & P. Cartledge. 2011. The Cambridge World History of Slavery, I: The Ancient Mediterranean World. Cambridge University Press
 
																	1. 
  
																- P. Garnsey. 1996. Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine.
 
																	8. Aristotle 
																	4. Slave Systems Criticized 
															 
														 
														- ancient texts
 
														- 
															
																- 
																	ARIST Aristotle
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Aristotles of Stagira 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		where: Stagira (Chalcidice) > Athens 
																		summary: tutor to Alexander the Great; founder of the Lyceum in Athens; writing in the waning days of the city-state (polis) 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Politics (Gk Politika), Nicomachian Ethics (Gk Ēthika Nikomakheia), Eudemian Ethics (Gk Ēthika Eudēmeia), Parts of Animals (Gk Peri zōōn mopiōn, Lat De partibus animalium) 
																		where: Panhellenic 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		summary:
																	  (various) walkthrough 05-1
																 
																- 
																	
																		- 1. Pol.1254a4-18 (Politics)
 
																			  tl;dr slaves belong to another by nature, as instrument of action (JG) 
																		- 2. Pol.1254b28-34
 
																			  tl;dr nature gives slaves stooped physique, doesn't always follow this rule (NG) 
																		- 3. Pol.1254b21-4; 1260a7-14
 
																			  a. tl;dr slaves apprehend reason but do not possess it (ED)  
																			  b. tl;dr male, female, child and slave possess varied share of reason (ED) 
																		- 4. Eth.Nic.1149a25-8 (Nicomachean Ethics)
 
																			  tl;dr anger does not heed reason, like a clumsy slave who does not listen (DE) 
																		- 5. Pol.1254a36-b3
 
																			  tl;dr man should be studied in his best natural conditon (TT) 
																		- 6. Pol.1253a9-18
 
																			  tl;dr rational discourse distinguishes man from animal (SV) 
																		- 7. Pol.1260a33-b5
 
																			  tl;dr slave virtue relates to master, only need a bit,
																			taught by master (SC) 
																		- 8. Pol.1254b25-34
 
																			  tl;dr tasks of slaves and animals maintain others, strength of their bodies (KG) 
																		- 9. Pol.1280a31-5
 
																			  tl;dr slaves and animals have no share in good life or reason (DC)
																		 - 10. Pol.1256b20-5
 
																			  tl;dr those hunted or captured in war are governed naturally if they submit (AS)
																		 - 11. Eth.Nic.1149a9-12
 
																			  tl;dr the uncivilized live by passion rather than reason (JH)
																		 - 12. Pol.1260b15-21
 
																			  tl;dr for the polis to maintain goodness, educate women and children (NJ) 
																		- 13. Pol.1254a22-33
 
																			  tl;dr authority and subordination is necessary and useful, ruler over ruled (MC) 
																		- 14. Pol.1287b37-41
 
																			  tl;dr some controlled by a master (despotes) naturally, not under tyranny (MD) 
																		- 15. Pol.1252a26-34
 
																			  tl;dr natural ruler can plan; slave executes plans in common interest (IJ)  
																		- 16. Pol.1278b32-38
 
																			  tl;dr slave and master have common interests (SG) 
																		- 17. Pol.1255b14-16
 
																			  tl;dr slave & master have common interest by nature, not law & violence (AD)  
																		- 18. Eth.Nic.1160b22-1161b6
 
																			  a. tl;dr politics modelled on family relations  (MT)  
																			  b. tl;dr father over son as monarchy, persians over barbarians as tyranny (MT)  
																			  c. tl;dr tyranny perverts justice; slave as living tool (MT)
																		 
																		- 19. Part.an.645b15ff (Parts of Animals)
 
																			  tl;dr body exist for actions, guided by soul (GJ) 
																		- 20. Eth.Eud.1241b18-24 (Eudemian Ethics)
 
																			  tl;dr relationship of soul to body, craftsman to tool, master to slave similar;  
																			  slave is tool of master, tool a sort of inanimate slave 
																		- 21. Eth.Nic1134b10-13
 
																			  tl;dr man cannot act unjustly towards self, nor toward his child or slave (OG) 
																		- 22. Pol.1254a34-b7
 
																			  tl;dr soul rules body like master, reason rules appetites like monarch (DB) 
																		- 23. Pol.1254b16-21
 
																			  tl;dr t  
																		- 24. Pol.1253b38-1254a9
 
																			  tl;dr t  
																		- 25. Pol.1253a19-29
 
																			  tl;dr complete whole has priority over parts (TT) 
																		- 26. Pol.1254a9-11
 
																			  tl;dr t  
																		- 27. Pol.1255b10-12
 
																			  tl;dr t  
																	 
																 
																
																
																- 
																	C1 Plat.Leg.776c-778a
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Platon of Athens (Plato) 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		where: Athens 
																		summary: student of Socrates; founder of the Academy 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Laws (Gk Nomoi, Lat De legibus) 
																		where:  
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		summary:
																	  (Plato Laws) 					
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	C2 Diod.34.2.25-26, 33
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Diodorus Siculus 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Library (Gk Bibliotheca) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Diodorus of Sicily Library)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	C3 Sen.Ep.47.2-5, 11-13
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: L. Annaeus Seneca (Seneca the Younger) 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Moral Letters to Lucillus (Lat Epistulae morales ad Lucillum) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Seneca Letters) 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	C4 Aristot.Pol.1255a22-29
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Aristotles of Stagira 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		where: Stagira (Chalcidice) > Athens 
																		summary: tutor to Alexander the Great; founder of the Lyceum in Athens; writing in the waning days of the city-state (polis) 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Politics (Gk Politika 
																		where: Panhellenic 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		summary:
																	  (Aristotle Politics)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	C5 Cic.Rep.3.38
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: M. Tullius Cicero 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: On the Commonwealth (Lat De re publica) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Cicero Republic)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	C6 Ath.265b-266f
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Athenaeus of Naucratis 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Professors' Dinner Party (Gk Deipnosophistai) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Athenaeus Scholars' Banquet)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	C7 Diod.36.3.2-3
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Diodorus Siculus 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Library (Gk Bibliotheca) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Diodorus of Sicily Library)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	C8-9 Aug.Epist.10*.2; 24*.1
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Aurelius Augustinus of Hippo 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Letters (Lat Epistulae) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (St. Augustine Letters)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
															 
														 
														- lectures
 
														  
														- handouts
 
														- active reading
 
													 
												 | 
											 
										 
										
											
											  
													
													 
													U01 | U03 | U03 | U04 | U05 | 
													U06 | U07 | U08 | U09 | U10 | U11 | U12 | U13 | U14 | REVIEW 
													UNIT 6 • RESPONSES TO SLAVERY 
												  
														- secondary sources
 
														- 
															
																- K. Bradley & P. Cartledge. 2011. The Cambridge World History of Slavery, I: The Ancient Mediterranean World. Cambridge University Press
 
																	  4. The Helots: A Contemporary Review 
																- P. Garnsey. 1996. Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine.
 
																	  5. Fair Words 
															 
														 
														- ancient texts
 
														- 
															
																
														- Ath.262c-272e
															
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Athenaeus of Naucratis 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Scholars' Banquet (Gk Deipnosophistae) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																   
																	(Scholars' Banquet) –  walkthrough 06-1
																	
																		- 262C-D Antiphanes (F89), Epicrates Hard-to-Sell Slave (F5)
 
																		  women and beardless children command "greedy" slaves 
																		- 262E-263A Diuchidas History of Megara (FGrH 485 F7)
 
																		  household slaves serve guests, normally grind grain; slave/master inversion  
																		- 263B Pherecrates The Savages (F10)
 
																		   before slavery, women did housework, grinding grain at dawn 
																		- 263C Anaxandrides Anchises (F4)
 
																		   fortune alters bodies, transition from free to slave 
																		- 263C-D Posidonius History (FGrH 87 F8)
 
																		   the less intelligent (poor) bind themselves to the more intelligent (rich);   Mariandynians of Heraclea could not be sold abroad 
																		- 263E Euphorion (F78)
 
																		   Mariandynians called “gift-bringers,” quaking before their masters 
																		- 263F Ephorus History (FGrH 70 F29)
 
																		   Cretan clarōtae (“chosen by lot”); inversion of servant/master roles 
																		- 264A Sosicrates History of Crete (FGrH 461 F4)
 
																		   Cretan names for unfree labor 
																		- 264A Theopompus (F78)
 
																		   Thessalians servile “impoverished” (penestēs) 
																		- 264B Archemachus History of Euboea (FGrH 424 F1)
 
																		   Boeotians exiles in servitude to Thessalians; cannot be sold abroad or killed; 
																			  could gain wealth even though penestae (“impoverished”) 
																		- 264C Euripides Phrixus (F822a)
 
																		   servile called impoverished (penestēs) and hired hand (latris); 
																			  attached to household 
																		- 264D Timaeus History (FGrH 566 F11)
 
																		   criticizes Aristotle, whose friend Mnason had 1000 slaves;  
																		  Locrians relied upon slaves, took jobs away from (free citizen) youth 
																		- 264E-265B Plato Laws (776b-778a)
 
																		  Spartan helots; Heraclean Mariandynians; Thessalian penestae;    slave's soul is unsound and untrustworthy; avoid slaves from same country,  
																		  avoid shared language; beat them as little as possible; speak only commands  
																		- Hom.Od.17.322-3
 
																				  misquote of Homer implying that slavery removes intelligence 
																		- 265C Theopompus History (FGrH 115 F122)
 
																		   Chians purchase foreign chattle, Thessalians & Spartans enslave Greeks    (penestae and helots) who previously inhabited their territory 
																		- 265D-266E Nymphodorus Voyage along the Coast of Asia (FGrH 572 F4)
 
																		   Chian runaways formed gangs led by Drimacus; truce made; gained autonomy 
																			  (own weights and measures); offered refuge to abused slaves;    has lover decapitate him for ransom; worshipped as hero 
																		- 267A Hyperides Against Mantitheus for Assault (F120)
 
																		   some laws punish abuse of slaves as if they were free men 
																		- 267B-D
 
																		   names for unfree labor 
																		- 267C Ion of Chios Laertes (TrGF 19 F14), 267D
 
																		  Achaeus Omphalē (TrGF 20 F32) 
																		  differences between slave (doulos) and house-slave (oiketes) 
																		- 267E Cratinus Gods of Wealth (F176)
 
																		   golden age of Cronus had abundance, no need for slaves 
																		- 267F Crates Wild Beasts (F16)
 
																		   robot furniture does the work of slaves 
																		
																		- 272B-E
 
																			large numbers of slaves, by individual and by state
																		 
																	 
																 
																- 
																	D1 Florentinus, in Dig. 1.5.4, pref. (Justinian Digest)
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Florentinus 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: DigFull 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D2 Ulpian, in Dig. 50.17.32 (Justinian Digest)
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Ulpian 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: DigFull 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D3 Sophocles, fr. 854 = fr. 940, ed. Radt
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Sophocles 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title:  
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D4 Euripides, fr. 831, ed. Nauck
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Euripides 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: DigFull 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D5 Euripides Helen 728-33
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Euripides 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Helen 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D6 Comparatio Menandri et Philistionis II.117
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who:  
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Comparatio Menandri et Philistionis 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D7 Bion, in Stobaeus Florilegium 3.2.28
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Stobaeus 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Florilegium 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D8 Zeno, in Diogenes Laertius 7.32-3 (cf. S1)
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Diogenes Laertius 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title:  
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D9 Seneca De beneficiis 3.20.1
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: L. Annaeus Seneca 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: De beneficiis 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D10 Dio Chrysostom Orationes 15.29
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Dio Chrysostom 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Orationes 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D11 Seneca Epistulae 47.1.10
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Seneca 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Epistulae 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D12 Epict.1:12
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Epictetus 
																		when: c.55-135 CE 
																		where: Hierapolis (Phrygia) > Rome > Nicopolis (Actium) 
																		summary: slave of Epaphroditus, imperial freedmen of Nero; later freed himself; Stoic philosopher; banished by Domitian, to Nicopolis (Actium) 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Discourses (Gk Diatribai), recorded by his student Arrian 
																		where: Nicopolis (Actium) 
																		when: ca.108 CE 
																		summary:
																	  (Epictetus Discourses)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D13 Gal 3:28
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Galatians 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: De beneficiis 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Paul's Letter to the Galatians)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D14 Aug.En.Ps.124.7
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Augustine 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Enarrationes in Psalmos or Expostions on the Psalms (CCL 40.1840-2) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (St. Augustine Exposition on the Psalms)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D15 Aug.M54.4.91-103
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Augustine 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: New Sermon (Mainz 54 = Dolbeau 1991) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (St. Augustine New Sermon)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D16 John Chrysostom Homilies on St John 27
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: John Chrysostom 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Homilies on St John (PG 59.157-8) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D17 Salvian De gubernatione Dei 3.28
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Salvianus 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: De gubernatione Dei (SC 220.206-8) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D18 Xen.Mem.2.1.16-17
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Xenophon 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Memorabilia 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Xenophon Memorabilia)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D19 Plin.Ep.3.14
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: C. Plinius Caecilius Secundus (Pliny the Younger) 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Epistulae or Letters 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Pliny Letters)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D20 John Chrysostom Homilies on Titus 4
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: John Chrysostom 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Homilies on St. John (PG 62.685-6) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	D21 Salvian De gubernatione Dei 4.10-18 
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Salvian 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: De gubernatione Dei (SC 220.238-46) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
															 
														 
													- lectures
 
														  
														- handouts
 
														- active reading
 
													 
												 | 
											 
										 
										
											
												
													
													 
													U01 | U03 | U03 | U04 | U05 |
														U06 | U07 | U08 | U09 | U10 | U11 | U12 | U13 | U14 | REVIEW 
													UNIT 7 • SLAVERY CRITICIZED 
													
														- secondary sources
 
														- 
															
																
																- A. Richilin. 2005. Rome and the Mysterious Orient: Three Plays. University of California Press
 
																 - K. Bradley & P. Cartledge. 2011. The Cambridge World History of Slavery, I: The Ancient Mediterranean World. Cambridge University Press
 
																	  2. Slaves in Greek Literary Culture 
																	 11. Slaves and Roman Literary Culture 
																- P. Garnsey. 1996. Ideas of Slavery from  Aristotle to Augustine.
 
																	  6. Slavery Criticized 
															 
														 
														- ancient texts
 
														- 
															
																- 
																	Plaut.Poen.
 
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: T. Maccius Plautus 
																		when: ca.254-184 BCE 
																		where: Sarsina > Rome 
																		summary: Greek comedies into Latin; written in the period after the Second Punic (Hanniballic) War 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Poenulus (“Little Phoenician,” Towelheads) 
																		where: Calydon (Sarajevo) 
																		when: ca.185 CE 
																		summary: 						
																	  (Plautus Towelheads) 
																	walkthrough 07-1
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	E1 Alcidamas, in schol.Aristot.Rhet.1373b18
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Alcidamas 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		where: Elaea 
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: unknown, in Commentary on Aristole's Ars rhetorica (Lat Scholia in Aristot.Rhet.) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary: justification for liberty of Messenian helots after 370 BCE
																	  
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	E2 Aristot.Pol.1253b20-3; 1255p3-12
																	
AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Aristotles of Stagira (Aristotle) 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		where: Stagira (Chersonese) > Athens 
																		summary: tutor to Alexander the Great; founder of the Lyceum in Athens; writing in the waning days of the city-state (polis) 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Politics (Gk Politika 
																		where: Panhellenic 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		summary:
																	  (Aristotle Politics)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	E3 Philo Quod omnis probus liber sit
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Philo Judaeus of Alexandria 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Quad omnis probus liber sit (EGM 79) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	E4 Philo De vita contemplativa 70
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Philo 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: De vita contemplativa 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	E5 Lactant.Div.instit.5.14.15-15.3
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Lucius Caecilius Firmianus Lactantius 
																		when: c.250–325 CE 
																		where: Cirta (Numidia) > Byzantium 
																		summary: professor of rhetoric; convert to Christianity; advisor to the emperor Constantine, and tutor to his son Crispus 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Institutiones divinae 
																		where: Late Roman Empire 
																		when: 3rd CE 
																		summary:
																	  (Lactantius Divine Institutes)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	E6 Gregory of Nyssa Homilies IV (on Eccl 12:7) 
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Gregory of Nyssa 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Homilies IV, on Ecclesiastes 12.7 (Hall 1991) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	E4 Theodoret Divine Providence 7
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Theodoret 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: "That the Division into Slaves and Masters is an Advantage in Life" Divine Providence (PG 83.665-85, at 668B, 669B-C) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
															 
														 
														- lectures
 
														  
														- handouts
 
														- active reading
 
													 
												 | 
											 
										 
										
											
												
													
													 
													U01 | U03 | U03 | U04 | U05 |
														U06 | <>U07 | U08 | U09 | U10 | U11 | U12 | U13 | U14 | REVIEW 
													UNIT 8 • SLAVERY EASED 
													
														- secondary sources
 
														- 
															
																- A. Richilin. 2005. Rome and the Mysterious Orient: Three Plays. University of California Press
 
																 - P. Garnsey. 1996. Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine.
 
																	7. Slavery Eased 
															 
														 
														- ancient texts
 
														- 
															
															- 
																	Plaut.Per.329‐399, 462‐469
 
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: T. Maccius Plautus 
																		when: ca.254-184 BCE 
																		where: Sarsina > Rome 
																		summary: Greek comedies into Latin; written in the period after the Second Punic (Hanniballic) War 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Persa (Iran Man) 
																		where: Athens (Los Angeles) 
																		when: ca.185 CE 
																		summary: 						
																	  (Plautus Iran Man) 
																	walkthrough 08-1
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	Colum. praef., bk.1
 
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: L. Junius Moderatus Columella 
																		when: ca.4-70 CE 
																		where: Gades > Rome 
																		summary: born in Phoenician Spain 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: On Rustic Matters (Lat De re rustica) 
																		where: Roman Empire 
																		when:  
																		summary: agricultural treatise
																	
																	  (Columella On Rustic Matters) 
																	walkthrough 08-1
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	F1 Dew, in Faust 1981: 59
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Thomas Roderick Dew 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Abolition of Negro Slavery 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (T. R. Dew Abolition of Negro Slavery)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	F2 Plato Laws 776d-778a
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Platon of Athens (Plato) 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		where: Athens 
																		summary: student of Socrates; founder of the Academy 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Laws (Gk Nomoi, Lat De legibus) 
																		where:  
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		summary:
																	  (Plato Laws)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	F3 Aristot.Pol.1260b5-8
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Aristotles of Stagira 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		where: Stagira (Chalcidice) > Athens 
																		summary: tutor to Alexander the Great; founder of the Lyceum in Athens; writing in the waning days of the city-state (polis) 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Politics (Gk Politika 
																		where: Panhellenic 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		summary:
																	  (Aristotle Politics)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	F4 Aristot.Pol.1330a32-4
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Aristotles of Stagira 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		where: Stagira (Chalcidice) > Athens 
																		summary: tutor to Alexander the Great; founder of the Lyceum in Athens; writing in the waning days of the city-state (polis) 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Politics (Gk Politika 
																		where: Panhellenic 
																		when: 4th BCE 
																		summary:
																	  (Aristotle Politics)																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	F5 Cic.De Off.2.24
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: M. Tullius Cicero 
																		when: 1st BCE 
																		where: Arpinum > Rome 
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: On Duties (Lat De officiis) 
																		where: Roman Empire 
																		when: 1st BCE 
																		summary:
																	  (Cicero On Duties)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	F6 Philo EGM 35
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Philo 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: EGM 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	F7 Seneca De beneficiis 3.19.2; 21.2
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Seneca 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: De beneficiis 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	F8 Modestinus, in Dig. 48.8.11.1-2; 40.8.2
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Modestinus 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: DigFull 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	F9 Gai.Inst.1.53
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Gaius (praenomen only!) 
																		when: 150 CE 
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Institutes (Lat Institutiones) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Gaius Institutes)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	F10 Ulpian, in Coll.3.3.1-6
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Cn. Domitius Annius Ulpianus 
																		when: c.170–223 CE 
																		where: Tyre >  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: On the Office of the Proconsul (Lat De officio proconsulis) in the Collection of Mosaic and Roman Law (Lat Collatio legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum 
																		where: Rome 
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Collection of Mosaic and Roman Law)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	F11 Ulpian, in Dig. 47.10.15.44
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Ulpian 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title:  
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Justinian Digest)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	F12 Lactant.Ira 5.12
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Lactantius 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: On Anger (Lat De ira) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Lactantius On Anger)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
															 
														 
														- lectures
 
														  
														- handouts
 
														- active reading
 
													 
												 | 
											 
										 
										
											
												
													
													 
													U01 | U03 | U03 | U04 | U05 |
														U06 | U07 | U08 | U09 | U10 | U11 | U12 | U13 | U14 | REVIEW 
													UNIT 9 • THE STOICS 
													
														- secondary sources
 
														- 
															
																- K. Bradley & P. Cartledge. 2011. The Cambridge World History of Slavery, I: The Ancient Mediterranean World. Cambridge University Press
 
																- P. Garnsey. 1996. Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine.
 
																	9. The Stoics 
															 
														 
														- ancient texts
 
														- 
															
																- 
																	Aesop
 
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Maximus Planudes
																		when: 1300 CE 
																		where: Byzantium 
																		summary: Eastern Roman (Byzantine Greek)  scholar, compiler of earlier Hellenistic traditions (3rd BCE) 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Life of Aesop (Lat vita Aesopi) 
																		where: Asia Minor 
																		when: Roman imperial era 
																		summary: biography of the fabulist
																	
																	  (Life of Aesop) 
																	walkthrough 09-1
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S1 Diog.Laert.7.32-3
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Diogenes Laertius 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Lives of the Philosophers (Gk Bioi philosophōn, Lat Vitae philosophorum) (LS 6711) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Diogenes Laertius Lives of the Philosophers)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S2 Diog.Laert. 7.121-2
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Diogenes Laertius 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Lives of the Philosophers (Gk Bioi philosophōn, Lat Vitae philosophorum) (LS 6711) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Diogenes Laertius Lives of the Philosophers)																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S3 Ath.267B
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Athenaeus of Naucratis 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Professors' Dinner Party (Gk Deipnosophistai = LS 67Q 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Athenaeus Scholars' Banquet)																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S4 Seneca, De beneficiis 3.22.1
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Seneca 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: De beneficiis 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S5 Clement Stromateis 4.26
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Clement 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: (SVF 3.327 = PG 8.1381) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S6 Philo EGM 97
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Philo 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: EGM 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S7 Stobaeus Eclogae 2.99
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Stobaeus 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Eclogae (SVF 3.567) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S8 Epict.4.1.76-9
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Epictetus 
																		when: c.55-135 CE 
																		where: Hierapolis (Phrygia) > Rome > Nicopolis (Actium) 
																		summary: slave of Epaphroditus, imperial freedmen of Nero; later freed himself; Stoic philosopher; banished by Domitian, to Nicopolis (Actium) 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Discourses (Gk Diatribai), recorded by his student Arrian 
																		where: Nicopolis (Actium) 
																		when: ca.108 CE 
																		summary:
																	  (Epictetus Discourses)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S9 Cleanthes, in Stobaeus Florilegium 2.65.8
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Cleanthes of Assus 
																		when: ca.330-220 
																		where: Assus > Athens 
																		summary: leader of the Stoic school in the 3rd BCE  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title:  (LS 61L) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S10 Diog.Laert.7.91
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Diogenes Laertius 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Lives of the Philosophers (Gk Bioi philosophōn, Lat Vitae philosophorum) (LS 61K) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Diogenes Laertius Lives of the Philosophers)																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S11 Epict.2.11.2-3
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Epictetus 
																		when: c.55-135 CE 
																		where: Hierapolis (Phrygia) > Rome > Nicopolis (Actium) 
																		summary: slave of Epaphroditus, imperial freedmen of Nero; later freed himself; Stoic philosopher; banished by Domitian, to Nicopolis (Actium) 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Discourses (Gk Diatribai), recorded by his student Arrian 
																		where: Nicopolis (Actium) 
																		when: ca.108 CE 
																		summary:
																	  (Epictetus Discourses)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S12 Cic.Fat.7-8
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: M. Tullius Cicero 
																		when: 1st BCE 
																		where: Arpinum > Rome 
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: On Fate (Lat De fato) 
																		where: Rome 
																		when: 1st BCE 
																		summary:
																	  (Cicero On Fate)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S13 Gell.N.A.7.2.6ff. 
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Aulus Gellius 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Attic Nights (Lat Noctes Atticae) = LS 620 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (Gellius Attic Nights)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S14 Epict.1.9.1-6
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Epictetus 
																		when: c.55-135 CE 
																		where: Hierapolis (Phrygia) > Rome > Nicopolis (Actium) 
																		summary: slave of Epaphroditus, imperial freedmen of Nero; later freed himself; Stoic philosopher; banished by Domitian, to Nicopolis (Actium) 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Discourses (Gk Diatribai), recorded by his student Arrian 
																		where: Nicopolis (Actium) 
																		when: ca.108 CE 
																		summary:
																	  (Epictetus Discourses)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S15 Epict.1.13
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Epictetus 
																		when: c.55-135 CE 
																		where: Phrygia 
																		summary: slave of Epaphroditus, imperial freedmen of Nero; later freed himself; Stoic philosopher; banished by Domitian, to Nicopolis (Actium) 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Discourses (written by his student Arrian) 
																		where: Nicopolis (Actium) 
																		when: ca.108 CE 
																		summary:
																	  (Epictetus Discourses)
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S16 Seneca De beneficiis 3.23
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Seneca 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: De beneficiis 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S17 Seneca Epistulae 47.10
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Seneca 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Epistulae 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S18 Cicero De finibus 3.62-3
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Cicero 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: De finibus 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S19 Hierocles, in Hierocles 3.62-3
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Hierocles 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Hierocles 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S20 Seneca Epistulae 1.11
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Seneca 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Epistulae 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S21 M. Aurelius Meditations 5.30
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Marcus 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Meditations 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S22 Posidonius, in Ath.263c-d
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Posidonius 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Deipnosophistai 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S23 Posidonius, in Seneca Epistulae 90.4-5
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Posidonius 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Epistulae 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S24 Hippolytus Refutation of all Heresies 1.21
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Hippolytus 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Refutation of all Heresies (LS 62A) 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	S25 Cleanthes, in Epict.53
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Cleanthes of Assus 
																		when: ca.330-220 
																		where: Assus > Athens 
																		summary: leader of the Stoic school in the 3rd BCE  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: unknown, cited in Epictitus Handbook (Gk Encheirídion) = LS 62B 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
															 
														 
														- lectures
 
														  
														- handouts
 
														- active reading
 
													 
												 | 
											 
										 
										
											
												
													
													 
													U01 | U03 | U03 | U04 | U05 | U06 | U07 | U08 | U09 | U10 | U11 | U12 | U13 | U14 | REVIEW 
													UNIT 10 • PHILO 
													
														- secondary sources
 
														- 
															
																- K. Bradley & P. Cartledge. 2011. The Cambridge World History of Slavery, I: The Ancient Mediterranean World. Cambridge University Press
 
																- P. Garnsey. 1996. Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine.
 
																	10. Philo 
															 
														 
														- ancient texts
 
														- 
															
												- 
																	Ter.Eun.1‐1094
 
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: P. Terentius Afer (Terence)
																		when: 190-160 BCE 
																		where: Numidia > Rome 
																		summary: playwright of African/Numidian descent 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Eunuchus 
																		where: Athens 
																		when: ca.170 BCE 
																		summary: 
																	
																	  (Terence Eunuch)
																	walkthrough 10-1
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																
																- 
																	PHI Philo
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Philo 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Politika 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (various) walkthrough 10-1
																 
																- 
																	
																		- 1. EGM 17-19
 tl;dr 
																		- 2. EGM 42
 tl;dr 
																		- 3. EGM 43-4
 tl;dr 
																		- 4. De Cherubim 106
 tl;dr 
																		- 5. De Josepha 241
 tl;dr 
																		- 6. De specialibus legibus 2.69
 tl;dr 
																		- 7. De Josepha 246-8
 tl;dr 
																		- 8. EGM 37
 tl;dr 
																		- 9. EGM 57
 tl;dr 
																		- 10. Legum allegoria 3.88-104
 tl;dr 
																		- 11. De virtutibus 209
 tl;dr 
																		- 12. De congressu quaerendae eruditionis gratia 175-6
 tl;dr 
																		- 13. Legum allegoria 192-4
 tl;dr 
																		- 14. Quod Deus immutabilis sit 64
 tl;dr 
																		- 15. De sobrietate 69
 tl;dr 
																		- 16. De specialibus legibus 3.137
 tl;dr 
																	 
																 
															 
														 
														- lectures
 
														  
														- handouts
 
														- active reading
 
													 
												 | 
											 
										 
										
											
												
													
													 
													U01 | U03 | U03 | U04 | U05 | U06 | U07 | U08 | U09 | U10 | U11 | U12 | U13 | U14 | REVIEW 
													UNIT 11 • PAUL 
													
														- secondary sources
 
														- 
															
																- K. Bradley & P. Cartledge. 2011. The Cambridge World History of Slavery, I: The Ancient Mediterranean World. Cambridge University Press
 
																- P. Garnsey. 1996. Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine.
 
																	11. Paul 
															 
														 
														- ancient texts
 
														- 
															
																- 
																	Apul.Met.2; 9.10‐20, 28‐33
 
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: L. Apuleius or Medaurus
																		when: 125-170 CE 
																		where: Medaurus (Numidia) > Carthage > Rome > Oea (mod.Tripoli) 
																		summary: well-eductated provincial Roman; married to older widow; charged with practicing magic 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Metamorphoses (or Golden Ass) 
																		where: Thessaly > Rome (Temple of Isis) 
																		when: ca.150 CE 
																		summary: Lucius, Photis
																	  (Apuleius Metamorphoses)
																	walkthrough 11-1
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																
																- 
																	Apul.Apol.1, 17, 47, 93
																	
 
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: L. Apuleius or Medaurus
																		when: 125-170 CE 
																		where: Medaurus (Numidia) > Carthage > Rome > Oea (mod.Tripoli) 
																		summary: well-eductated provincial Roman; married to older widow; charged with practicing magic 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Defense (Apology) 
																		where: Sabrata (near Oea, mod Tripoli 
																		when: ca.158 CE 
																		summary: Apuleius, Pudentiulla
																	  (Apuleius Defense)
																	walkthrough 11-1
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	P Paul
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Saul of Tarsus > St. Paul 
																		when:  
																		where: Tarsus > Jerusalem > Rome 
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title:  
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (various) walkthrough 11-1
																 
																- 
																	
																		- 1. Rom 9:1-24
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 2. I Cor 7:20-4
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 3. Phm 10-19
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 4. Col 3:22-4: 1
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 5. Eph 6:5-8
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 6. Tit 2:9-13
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 7. I Tim 6:1-.2
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 8. I Pet 2:18-21
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 9. Gal 3:28
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 10. I Cor 12:13
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 11. Col 3:11
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 12. Gal 3:29-4:7
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 13. Rom 8:14-17
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 14. Rom 6:15-23
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 15. Phil 2:5-12
 
																			tl;dr 
																	 
																 
															 
														 
														- lectures
 
														  
														- handouts
 
														- active reading
 
													 
												 | 
											 
										 
										
											
												
													
													 
													U01 | U03 | U03 | U04 | U05 | U06 | U07 | U08 | U09 | U10 | U11 | U12 | U13 | U14 | REVIEW 
													UNIT 12 • AMBROSE 
													
														- secondary sources
 
														- 
															
																- K. Bradley & P. Cartledge. 2011. The Cambridge World History of Slavery, I: The Ancient Mediterranean World. Cambridge University Press
 
																- P. Garnsey. 1996. Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine.
 
																	12. Ambrose 
															 
														 
														- ancient texts
 
														- 
															
																- 
																	Petron.Sat.6.26‐78
																	
 
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: C. Petronius Arbiter 
																		when: ca.27-66 CE 
																		where: Rome 
																		summary: tastemaker for the Emperor Nero 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Satyricon (“satyr‐thing“) 
																		where: villa along the Gulf of Baiae 
																		when: ca.400 CE 
																		summary: Trimalchio, Fortunata
																	  (Petronius Satyricon) walkthrough 12-1
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	AMB Ambrose
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Ambrose 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title:  
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (various) walkthrough 12-1
																 
																- 
																	
																		- 1. Epistulae 7.4 
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 2. Epistulae 7.5
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 3. Epistulae 7.24 
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 4. Epistulae 7.9-13
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 5. Epistulae 7.6-8 
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 6. De Jacob et vita beata 3.11
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 7. De Jacob et vita beata 22.6
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 8. De Jacob et vita beata 22.8-9
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 9. Epistulae 7.21
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 10. Epistulae 7.22 
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 11. De Jacob et vita beata 2.3.12A-B 
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 12. Commentaria in Epistulam ad Philippenses 2.255A 
 
																			tl;dr 
																	 
																 
															 
														 
														- lectures
 
														  
														- handouts
 
														- active reading
 
													 
												 | 
											 
										 
										
											
												
													
													 
													U01 | U03 | U03 | U04 | U05 | U06 | U07 | U08 | U09 | U10 | U11 | U12 | U13 | U14 | REVIEW 
													UNIT 13 • AUGUSTINE 
													
														- secondary sources
 
														- 
															
																- K. Bradley & P. Cartledge. 2011. The Cambridge World History of Slavery, I: The Ancient Mediterranean World. Cambridge University Press
 
																- P. Garnsey. 1996. Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine.
 
																  13. Augustine 
															 
														 
														- ancient texts
 
														- 
															
																- 
																	Jer.Malch. 
																	
 
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus (St. Jerome) 
																		when: 347-420 CE 
																		where: Illyria > Rome 
																		summary: church father, translator of the Greek Bible into Latin (the Vulgate) 
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: Life of Malchus the Captive Monk (Lat vita Malchi monachi captivi) 
																		where: Syrian desert 
																		when: ca.400 CE 
																		summary:
																	  (St. Jerome Life of Malchus) walkthrough 13-1
																 
																- 
																	
																
 
																- 
																	AUG Augustine
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Augustine 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title:  
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (various) walkthrough 13-1
																 
																- 
																	
																		- 1. En.Ps. 124.6-7
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 2. En.Ps. 103.3, 9
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 3. In Johannis Evangelium tractatus 6.25 
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 4. Civ.19.14, 16
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 5. En..Ps.124.7-8
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 6. Epist.199.12.46 
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 7. In Johannis Evangelium tractatus 41.4
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 8. Epist.94.34, 38
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 9. Civ.16.35
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 10. Civ19.15
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 11. New Sermon 2.271-88
 
																			tl;dr 
																	 
																 
															 
														 
														- lectures
 
														  
														- handouts
 
														- active reading
 
													 
												 | 
											 
										 
										
											
												
													
													 
													U01 | U03 | U03 | U04 | U05 | U06 | U07 | U08 | U09 | U10 | U11 | U12 | U13 | U14 | REVIEW 
													UNIT 14 • SLAVERY AS METAPHOR 
													
														- secondary sources
 
														- 
															
																- K. Bradley & P. Cartledge. 2011. The Cambridge World History of Slavery, I: The Ancient Mediterranean World. Cambridge University Press
 
																- P. Garnsey. 1996. Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine.
 
																	13. Slavery as Metaphor 
															 
														 
														- ancient texts
 
														- 
															
																- 
																	LACT Lactantius
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Lactantius 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title:  
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	  (various) walkthrough 14-1
																 
																- 
																	
																		- 1a. Inst.div.4.3.14-15 
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 1b. Inst.div.4.3.16-17 
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 2. Inst.div.4.4.2 
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 3. Inst.div.4.4.5
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 4. De ira 17.11
 tl;dr 
																	 
																 
																- 
																	AUG Augustine New Sermon
																	
																		AUTHOR'S CONTEXT 
																		who: Augustine 
																		when:  
																		where:  
																		summary:  
																		 
																		NARRATIVE CONTEXT 
																		title: New Sermon 
																		where:  
																		when:  
																		summary:
																	 
																 
																- 
																	
																		- 12. Mainz 62: 12.264-81
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 13. Mainz 5: 7.138-53  
 
																			tl;dr 
																		- 14. Mainz 5: 10.223-7, 237-43, 263-76 
 tl;dr 
																	 
																 
															 
														 
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														- handouts
 
														
													 
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